Learning Inside and Outside the Language Classroom

June 2025

Last month we looked into the current neuroscientific understanding of learning. This month, we’re emphasizing the practical: how teachers can best encourage learning in their classrooms. From note-taking strategies to useful (or not so useful) learning apps, there’s a lot of readily-applicable techniques for teachers to try out in this issue. 

“If you don’t like the road you’re walking, start paving another one.” –Dolly Parton

APA reference for this issue

(author). (2025). (article title, sentence case). MindBrainEd Think Tanks: Learning Inside and Outside the Language Classroom, 11(6), (pages).

Watch before you read...

Following last month’s exploration of the fundamentals of learning, this month we’re focusing on various learning experiences from both teacher and learner perspectives. In the Main video, neuroscientists Lara Boyd and Kelly Lambert talk about the lifelong adaptability of the brain. In the More video, neuroscientist Nicole Vignola reveals how we construct self-perceptions and how to move beyond them. Then, Heather Kretschmer introduces the Think Tank.

In the Think Tank, Leah Goldberg details a note-taking technique that supports students’ reading and listening comprehension. Next, Jun Kato describes her teaching experiences during and after the pandemic and the advising technique she found beneficial for her students. Maha Bali reflects on her efforts to become more proficient in French, including her use of the Duolingo app. Then, Yuki Otsuki and Tomoko Hashimoto write about how cooperative learning and a task-based approach aid Japanese educators in teaching English to elementary school children, while Aleksandra Sudhershan compellingly advocates for incorporating problem-based learning into our classrooms. Next, Becky Alp recounts her experience after receiving a serious health diagnosis and the valuable lessons she learned from this experience. Finally in our Plus, Mirela C. C. Ramacciotti highlights the contributions of three scientists who have helped us better understand how we learn.

Our Thoughts on Learning in Action

Small Wins and Big Wins: Supporting Neuroplasticity and Changing Perceptions Heather Kretschmer

Some years ago, I worked at a vocational school in Germany, and one of the last groups of students I worked with aspired to be childcare workers. My colleagues didn’t like working with these students. Not one bit. They warned me that these students were lazy, ignorant, and unmanageable. Even worse, my colleagues believed these students would never land actual jobs after graduating; the childcare worker training program was merely an ineffective, state-supported effort designed to keep disaffected young people off the streets.

Not much of an endorsement, right? And when I started working with these students, they most assuredly lived up to their reputation. They didn’t listen to me or even pretend to work on the tasks I set them. They had zero desire to learn English because they didn’t need English for anything, neither for their current lives, nor their future careers. Why bother exerting themselves?

Think Tank Articles

Helping Sarah Think or “Stop and Think” Note-taking Leah Goldberg

At the university where I work, the students study English mostly online and then take in-class final exams. Some do well during the semester but then miserably fail the exam, and they often appeal the result. The appeal process is conveniently anonymous and done completely online, and only the most insistent students come to my office for in-person feedback. I hate it. The students are emotional, feedback hardly builds any skills, and we don’t change the grade anyway. I see it as a waste of time. 

A lady whom I will call Sarah was one such case. After dozens of conversations on the phone and a failed appeal, she invited herself to my office for a feedback session. She was a short lady in her 40s, with bleached hair and a face one can’t recall the next day, warm and shy like a chamomile tea. What was unusual was that she arrived with her husband. He was guarding her. He said he wanted to understand what he had paid for, and why his wife Sarah, who spoke decent English and had studied so hard, couldn’t pass the exam. He demanded answers. The thought crossed my mind that we had security guards on site.

Applying an Advising Method to Teaching: How We Can Foster Learner Autonomy in a Class Jun Kato

In this unstable and rapidly changing society, the word SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) has become known to everyone around the world. So, is there any sustainable way for English learning? There might be a clue to that in how we can foster learner autonomy in a classroom.

While teaching English online and at university, I have been studying and pursuing ways to improve my own English skills as well to obtain a professional certification for ESACⓇ (English Study Advisor’s Certificate), which is offered by ALC Education. I have been teaching first-year and second-year students, and most of the latter tend not to go on to take an English class in their third year at our university. That means, for the students who do not major in English, their English study at university might end in their second year…

Language Learning as Plastic Surgery: The Illusion of Learning from Gamification & AI Apps like DuoLingo Maha Bali

Look, I am grateful for DuoLingo. It’s fun and light and easy to use, and I enjoy using it. I’ve been using it for 300 days straight to improve my French and get started on my Spanish. But I’ve come to realize something about it. It’s plastic surgery for language learning, and I’ll tell you why.

First of all, the “plastic surgery” metaphor came up once, early in the days of ChatGPT (so like Feb 2023) when I was giving a workshop and asking people to come up with metaphors that would help describe AI. I loved it. When I was thinking about this article, this metaphor seemed apt. Plastic surgery does something on the surface to make something appear one way, but deep down, it’s not really transformed that much. However, plastic surgery can truly help someone cope with something that they’ve needed to change, so it’s not nothing. It’s just… not… everything.

How Japanese Elementary School Teachers Are Being Rescued by Cooperative Learning and Tasks Yuki Otsuki* and Tomoko Hashimoto

(* Usage of the first person in this article refers to the first author.)

In 2020, English was formally introduced as a mandatory subject in Japanese elementary schools. Prior to this, students participated in English activities that did not require grading. These activities, often considered enjoyable breaks from the regular curriculum, included games like bingo, singing songs, and watching videos. However, with the implementation of a formal curriculum, classes now use textbooks adopted based on official guidelines, the Course of Study, providing systematic language instruction that holds the promise of improving English proficiency.

In response to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) guidelines, which emphasize developing communicative competence for real-world language use, there has been a deliberate shift from the traditional grammar-translation method long used in secondary education. This transition offers substantial benefits, particularly in fostering the practical use of English within public education.

Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: Using Problem-Based Learning to Foster Language Competence, Critical Thinking, and Learner Autonomy Aleksandra Sudhershan

As John Adams put it, “Every problem is an opportunity in disguise” and this is certainly true when it comes to analysing and solving problems using problem-based learning (PBL). It was originally developed in the field of medical education and gradually embraced by other disciplines. English language teaching, in contrast, has been a slow adopter (Hearn & Hopper, 2008, p. 39). This is surprising, considering that challenging language learners to solve problems collaboratively can foster not only authentic communication, but also critical thinking and self-reflection (Hearn & Hopper, 2008). With three out of the 11 most in-demand professional skills comprising communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills (Brodnitz, 2024), PBL also seems like the go-to approach when it comes to preparing language learners for the challenges of the workplace.

It has been a few years since I started using PBL in my ESP (English for Specific Purposes) classes and I have truly enjoyed the experience so far. Engineers see themselves as problem-solvers (El-Zein & Hedemann, 2013, p. 1) so applying PBL in my Technical English classes seemed like a no-brainer: I was quite confident my students would rise to the challenge. And I definitely have not been disappointed…

My Story of Surviving a Year of Uncertainties Becky Alp

The title of my story is “Surviving a Year of Uncertainties.” I’m not entirely sure why I chose this title since I could have opted for something more subtle or, conversely, something more straightforward to convey the events of 2024. These events provided me with a significant and enriching learning experience, illustrating how personal relevance influences the depth of learning.

I chose the word “uncertainty” because it resonates with the shared experience of coping with a life-threatening illness. Life is indeed a series of uncertainties. When we take risks or even just step outside our door, nothing is guaranteed, and anything can happen. But what does it mean to confront an uncertainty that is so unfamiliar, new, and unique that you don’t know how to navigate it? Many of us facing health challenges grapple with this question.

Think Tank Plus

Great Ideas from the Brain Sciences: Our Human Cognitive Architecture Mirela C. C. Ramacciotti

In architecture, inner workings matter more than what the eyes can see. It is no different in our heads. What we see in the learner’s production—their learning behavior—is sometimes a fragment of what we don’t see but is happening inwardly in a constant, messy way. Rest assured that the messy part is not on you—this is on the inextricable relation between nature and nurture—but this “mess” needs orchestrating and that is when teachers may step in.

Call for Contributions: Ideas and Articles Think Tank Staff

Become a Think Tank star! Here are some of the future issue topics we are thinking about. Would you, or anyone you know, like to write about any of these? Or is there another topic you’d like to recommend? Do you have any suggestions for lead-in, or just plain interesting, videos? How about writing a book review? Or sending us a story about your experiences? Contact us.

Going Deeper

In her article, Leah Goldberg writes about a simple, yet powerful way of encouraging students to pause while reading or listening, think about what they understand from the text, and jot that down in a note. This note-taking technique is closely linked to Remi Kalir’s area of expertise: annotation, which involves adding notes to texts. By embracing a broad definition of what can be considered a “note” or a “text,” Kalir uses annotation as a tool for understanding human meaning-making. Listen to Kalir in this Intentional Teaching podcast episode, where he talks about the role of annotation in learning environments, focusing on social and collaborative annotation.

How to Make Learning as Addictive as Social Media: Duolingo’s Luis Von Ahn

After reading Maha Bali’s article, you may find it interesting to listen to co-founder Luis Von Ahn talk about the reasons for developing Duolingo as well as the endeavors to make it accessible to everyone: link.

 

Looking back to Learning Essentials

Retrieval in Action: Creative Strategies from Real Teachers

Last month, Leah Goldberg took a deep dive into retrieval practice, a learning strategy that involves recalling previously learned material from long-term memory (link to Leah’s article). In a recent Cult of Pedagogy podcast episode, Jennifer Gonzalez interviews Pooja Agarwal about her new book, Smart Teaching Stronger Learning: Practical Tips from 10 Cognitive Scientists. The cognitive scientists each provide classroom practices, grounded in evidence, that the scientists  have applied firsthand. Two contributors, Michelle Rivers and Janell Blunt, share their retrieval practice tips on the podcast. The podcast episode is well worth a listen: link!

The MindBrained Think Tanks+

is produced by the Japan Association for Language Teaching (JALT) Mind, Brain, and Education Special Interest Group (BRAIN SIG). Kyoto, Japan. (ISSN 2434-1002)

Editorial Staff

      Stephen M. Ryan               Curtis H. Kelly              Julia Daley     

 Afon (Mohammad) Khari     Heather Kretschmer     Nicky De Proost

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